Abstract
Materials and Methods: 82 patients (45 women and 37 men) with a median age of 53.5 (21-88) years who had PET-CT for differential diagnose for MLAP were evaluated retrospectively. 31 (37.8%) patients diagnosed sarcoidosis, and 51 (62.2%) lymphoma that had histologically proven by various surgical procedures.
Results: There were no statistical difference between gender, age and average SUV max of groups (p = 0.068, p = 0.846, p = 0.338). 26 of 31 patient (83.9%) of sarcoidosis group had abnormal findings compared the lymphoma group (51.0%) which showed statistically significant difference (p = 0.003). Meanwhile there were no statistical difference between hilar lymph nodes and liver involvement among the groups (p = 0.239 and p = 0.917), cervical, axillary, abdominal lymph nodes and spleen involvement was significantly higher in the lymphoma group (p = 0.008, p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p = 0.001). Bone marrow (BM) involvement were also significantly higher in lymphoma group (p < 0.001).
Conclusions: There are no specific MLAP findings to differentiate sarcoidosis from lymphomas by PET-CT. It is more likely that the pathological conclusion will be consistent with lymphoma rather than sarcoidosis, in case of involvement of cervical, abdominal and axillary lymph nodes, spleen and BM involvement; however abnormal pulmonary parenchymal findings are in the favor of the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.
Introduction
Lymphoma is a malignant disorder of lymphatic system, mostly originating from lymph nodes. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) may both involve mediastinal lymph nodes [1,5]. Positron emission tomography with 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (PET-CT) is widely used in differential diagnosis of MLAPs [6]. High FDG uptake levels may be present in both disease, but additional findings are thought to be helpful in differential diagnosis.
The aim of this study is to describe distinctive lymph node involvement patterns among patients with sarcoidosis and lymphoma involving the mediastinum defined by PET-CT.
Materials and Methods
The PET-CT was obtained using Discovery ST4 PET-CT fusion system (General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA). Following 6 hours of fasting, patients were administered intravenous 18F-FDG (5.2 MBq/kg body weight) and scanning was done 60 minutes later. Three-dimensional PET acquisition and attenuation corrections for CT attenuation maps were carried out. Using the lean body mass-based maximum standardized uptake value (SUV), the SUV max was calculated. PET/CT images were retrospectively interpreted by the same experienced nuclear medicine physician. The SUV max values of above 2.5 were considered as positive for lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow involvement. Nodules, infiltration and mass in the lung were considered as parenchyma involvement.
Patients were included into the study who had histologically proven by mediastinoscopy, mediastinotomy, peripheral lymph node biopsy, open surgical procedures, Ultrasound (US) or CT guided core needle biopsy. The biopsy localization was determined according to accessibility with the physical examination and visibility on PET-CT. Lymphoma diagnosed by peripheral lymph node biopsy was 68.6% of all lymphomas, whereas sarcoidosis diagnosed prominently with mediastinoscopy or mediastinotomy (77.45%). Open surgical procedures with general anesthesia such as thoracotomy or laparotomy were performed in 7 (8.5%) patients, and 7 (8.5%) patients were diagnosed via interventional radiologic approach using US or CT guided biopsies (Table 1).
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Table 1: Diagnostic procedures according to groups.
Except age and gender, clinical physical examination findings or laboratory data were not analyzed. Mediastinal masses caused other than sarcoidosis or lymphoma, tuberculosis, sarcoid reactions, and metastasis of solid tumors were excluded in this study.
Statistical Analysis
Results were evaluated with SPSS20tm statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Categorical values were compared with non-parametric Independent Sample t test, and non-categorical values were tested with Pearson chi-square and Fisher exact test. Statistical significance was accepted for the p-value was <0.05.
Results
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Table 2: Demographic features.
Analysis of PET-CT findings apart from the mediastinal region is summarized in Table 3. When pulmonary parenchymal findings evaluated, 26 of 31 patients (83.9%) of sarcoidosis group had abnormal findings compared the lymphoma group (51.0%) which showed statistically significant difference (p = 0.003). (Figure 1a).
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Figure 1a: Parenchymal nodules, sequels and atelectasis of a sarcoidosis patient on CT parenchyma window imaging. |
When hilar lymph nodes were evaluated, there were no statistical difference in involvement among the patient groups (p = 0.239). When cervical, axillary and abdominal lymph nodes were compared, it was commonly observed in the lymphoma group with statistically significance (p < 0.008, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001 respectively) (Figure 1b).
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Figure 1b: PET-CT image of MLAP patient (Symmetrical axillary involvement in a NHL patient on PET-CT fusion imaging). |
When liver and spleen involvement were evaluated, although there was no difference was observed in terms of hepatic involvement (p = 0.917), spleen involvement was significantly higher in the lymphoma group (p = 0.001) (Figue 1c).
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Figure 1c: Cervical, axillary lymph nodes and splenic involvement in a NHL patient on PET-CT. |
BM involvement determined by PET-CT were also significantly different between the two groups favoring the patients with lymphoma (p < 0.001) (Table 3).
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Discussion
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by noncaseating granulomas in preferentially involves bilateral and symmetrical hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes [3,7]. Duration of disease, sarcoidosis may also involve less commonly cervical lymph nodes, lung parenchyma, liver, spleen, eyes, kidneys and heart as well as thyroid glands [4,8].
Lymphoma is a malignant disorder of lymphatic system, mostly originating from lymph nodes. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) may both involve mediastinal lymph nodes. In our series 12 (23.5%) of the patients were HL, and 39 (76.5%) of them were NHL similar to the rates reported in the literature [1,2,5].
Although tuberculosis-associated MLAP is usually seen in the primary infection complex in childhood, it can be seen in adults in endemic region and immunocompromised or HIV patients. Pulmonary findings are predominantly found in adult tuberculosis patients and diagnosed with microbiologic methods regardless of biopsy in general [9,10]. In our 9-years" experience, we only encountered 9 adult patients with tuberculosis depended MLAP.
Thoracic radiologic examination is the first step in differential diagnosis. Chest X-ray and CT findings are well described in both conditions. CT has low sensitivity (64%) and specificity (62%) in detecting malignant lymph nodes [2]. PET-CT is widely used in differential diagnosis of MLAP increasingly for last two decades [2,5,11].
The SUV max levels cannot differentiate sarcoidosis from malignancy, as PET-CT may be positive in both [6,11-13]. In our study, sarcoidosis patients" average level of SUV max was 10.14 (± 6.11), meanwhile lymphoma was 8.85 (± 5.73) with no statistical difference (p = 0.338).
In patients with sarcoidosis, parenchymal findings in the lungs are variable and pulmonary manifestations may occur in up to 90% of cases. Chest radiographic findings may be observed in advanced stages. Stage IV disease is characterized by reticular opacities with evidence of volume loss predominant in the upper zones of the lungs [2,3,7]. In our study, 83.9% of sarcoidosis patient had parenchymal findings versus 51.0% in the lymphoma group which showed statistically significant difference (p = 0.003) (Figure 1c).
Bilateral hilar symmetrical lymphadenopathy is a classic radiologic finding in sarcoidosis [2,3,7]. Hilar lymph node involvement is also common in the lymphoma and more frequent in HL (85%) and in about half of NHL. HL most commonly involves anterior and superior mediastinal nodes, pre-vascular and para-tracheal lymph nodes are also affected [5,13]. In our study, hilar lymph nodes were involved 87.1% in sarcoidosis and 76.5% lymphoma group, without statistically significant difference between groups (p = 0.239).
In HL, mediastinal involvement is present in 60% of patients at the time of diagnosis whereas the disease is limited to mediastinum only in 3% of cases. In patients with NHL a higher percentage of mediastinal involvement is observed compared to (10-20%) HL, which may be present either as the sole involvement (e.g., primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma) or as part of systemic disease [3,5,14]. PET-CT is highly sensitive and specific for detecting NHL in nodal and extra nodal sites [14]. Additional LN involvement patterns in areas other than mediastinal region may help differential diagnosis among lymphoma and sarcoidosis [6,8,14] (Figure 1a,b).
Even though peripheral lymph node involvement determined by PET-CT is not common and specific for sarcoidosis, it may be helpful for identify occult or coincidental sites and diagnostic accessibility when observed [6,12,15]. In our study, 4 (12.9%) of sarcoidosis patients had undergone peripheral lymph node biopsy to avoid invasive surgery requiring general anesthesia.
Spleen involvement by lymphoma generally presents either diffuse involvement with higher uptake compared to liver or solitary / multiple nodules in splenic parenchyma determined by PET-CT. Besides of the size which does not correlate with involvement, spleen is affected in one third of all lymphomas [16,17]. In this study, splenic involvement was found to be significantly higher in the lymphoma group compared to the sarcoidosis group (41.2% vs 6.5%, p = 0.001).
Bone marrow involvement is found in approximately 50% to 80% of patients with low grade NHL, 25% to 40% of high-grade NHL, and 5% to 14% of HL during the time of diagnosis [18,19]. In a meta-analysis that included data from seven studies with 654 patients with newly diagnosed NHL, PET had moderate sensitivity (88.7 %) and high specificity (99.8 %) for the detection of BM involvement [19]. Thus, for patients with NHL, normal BM on PET scan does not rule out presence involvement, but, FDG uptake in BM is highly specific for involvement with lymphoma [18,19]. As PET-CT is not routinely used for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, there is no correct data about BM involvement rates yet. Yanardag and de Prost reported that, BM involvement must be suspected in case of anemia in a sarcoidosis patient [20,21]. In our study, BM involvement determined by PET-CT was significantly different between the two groups favoring the patients with lymphoma (p < 0.001).
In the literature, although PET-CT findings of MLAP due to lung cancer, metastatic diseases, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, and lymphoma was separately investigated, a study comparing sarcoidosis and lymphoma findings has not published yet before this study to our knowledge.
Our study has a limitation; none of the diagnoses was made with endobronchial ultrasound guided trans-bronchial biopsy.
In conclusion, sarcoidosis and lymphoma are the common causes of MLAPs that may both involve hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes. There are no specific findings to differentiate sarcoidosis from lymphomas by PET-CT. However, lymph node involvement patterns, spleen and BM invasion may help for differential diagnosis and define biopsy procedure. It is more likely that the pathological conclusion will be consistent with lymphoma rather than sarcoidosis in case of involvement of cervical, axillary and abdominal lymph nodes, spleen, and BM by PET-CT, however, abnormal pulmonary parenchymal findings are in favor of diagnosis of sarcoidosis.
Declaration of conflicting interests
The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The authors received no financial support.